TIDESWELL, a large parish, and township, with the townships of Litton, Whes­ton, and the chapelry of Wormhill, together containing 9,203A. 2R. 16P, of land, and in 1851, had 674 houses, and 3,411 inhabitants, of whom 1650 were males and 1761 females; rateable value, £9,283.

TIDESWELL, a parish and small market town, is situated in a valley surrounded on all sides by lofty hills, 7 miles N.N.W. from Bakewell, 7 miles E. by N. from Buxton, 33 N.W. by N. from Derby, 17 E. by S. from Sheffield, and 159 N.W. by N. from London. It contains 3037A. 1R. 39P. of land, (principally grazing), and in 1851 had 418 houses, and 2035 inhabitants, of whom 1009 were males and 1026 females; rateable value, £3,728. The Duke of Devonshire is lord of the manor and principal owner. James Beech, Esq., the Exors. of the late James Rimmington, Esq., Colonel Leslie, John Radford, Esq., Mr. James Ashton, Mr. Charles Hadfield, Mr. John Joseph Mower, and Mr. Wm. Hudson, are also owners. It is a place of great antiquity, and the name of the town is said to have been derived from an ebbing and flowing well,

TIDESWELL PARISH.                                                                       639

but now existing only in tradition. The spot where it is said to have been, however, is still pointed out, but it is now choked up, and its ebbings and flowings must have long since terminated.

A Market at Tideswell was granted to Paulinus Bampton, in the year 1250, to be held on Wednesdays, together with a Fair for two days, at the festival of the Decollation of St. John the Baptist. There was a confirmation of this grant, to Richd. Stafford, about the year 1392, and to Sampson Meverel, in 1432. The market is still held on Wednesday, and fairs on March 24th, May 15th, last Wednesday in July, 2nd Wednesday in September, and October 29th; a considerable quantity of cheese is sold at the two last fairs, as well as horned cattle and sheep. The inhabitants are principally employed in calico weaving for the Manchester manufacturers, at the two extensive cotton spinning establishments in the immediate neighbourhood, and in mining. Under the Enclosure Act of 1807, six acres of land were allotted for holding the fair. The manor of Tideswell, was in the crown at Domesday survey, it after­wards belonged to the Peverels; King John granted it, in 1205, to Thos. Arminger, in 1330, it was vested in the coheiresses of Daniel; Elizabeth Meverell, one of the coheiresses, died seized of a third of it; afterwards the whole appears to have been vested in the Meverells,, whose heiress brought it to the Cromwell family. In 1654, Winfield Lord Cromwell, sold it to Robert Eyre, Esq., of Highlow; Wm. Eyre, his grandson, took the name of Archer, and was father of John Archer, Esq., who died in 1800. It was purchased of his heirs, in 1802, under a decree of chancery, by the late Duke of Devonshire. The Church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is a handsome stone edifice of the Decorated character, with the exception of the tower, which appears to have been built somewhat afterwards. It consists of a chancel, two transepts, a nave, aisles, and tower at the west end with six bells, a clock, and musical chimes. The east window is decorated, and of three lights; and on the N. and S. of the chancel are four decorated windows, each of the three lights with square heads, and very lofty. These have a very fine effect, and together with the open wood roof, give to the chancel a noble, lofty, and magnificent appearance. There is a stone altar screen across the chancel, some feet distance from the eastern wall, containing two very good niches. The chancel has also three sedilia of equal height, and a piscina of an ogee arch, cinquefoiled, with a pinnacle on each aide. The tower is perpendicular, and though the details are good, yet the effect of the whole is cer­tainly lost by too much crowding; at each corner of the tower is an octagonal turret, having an embattled parapet, whence a short spire arises with crotchets, and a finial, between each of these corner turrets arises another of somewhat similar design, but lighter in its construction and of less altitude; these eight turrets on the tower having a confused and unpleasant effect; about thirty years ago, the interior of the edifice was renovated, and 358 free sittings added, towards the expense of which the incorporated society gave £180. In the south transept is a tombstone, dated 1358, to the memory of John Foljambe, who, it is said, contributcd largely to the building of the church. In the chancel is an altar-tomb, the sides of which being open, expose to view the figure of an emaciated corpse, lying on a winding sheet, apparently carved in stone; on the the top is a slab of Purbeck marble, inlaid with brasses, to the memory of Sampson Meverell, who served under the Duke of Bedford, in France. and was knighted at St. Luce, 1462. Another altar-tomb remembers the death of Robert Pursglove, prior of Gisburne Abbey, prebend of Rotherham, and Bishop of Hull, upon which is inlaid his effigy in brass, together with a long metrical epitaph, in itself worthy of being known to all admirers of old English orthography,—who died May 2nd, 1579. He was a native of Tideswell, and surrendered the abbey to King Henry VIII., who allowed him a handsome pension. Refusing to take the oath of supremacy to Queen Elizabeth, he was, in the year 1850, deprived of the Archdeaconry of Nottingham, and other spiritualities; in consequence of this, he retired to his native place, and founded the

640                                                                          HIGH PEAK HUNDRED.

Grammar school and Hospital adjoining the churchyard. There is also another fine monument to Sir Robt. Litton and his wife, Isabella, of whom there are brass figures, they died,—the former, in 1483, and the latter in 1458. There was a chapel at Tides­well, as early as the reign of King John; for, in the year 1215, he gave the chapel of Tideswell, as well as the church of Hope, to the canons of Lichfield, for their common provision of bread and beer. This interesting relic of antiquity formerly stood near the entrance to the town from Middleton. The living is a vicarage, valued in the King’s book at £7 0s. 7½d., now £240, has been augmented with £200 benefactions, £200 Queen Anne’s bounty, and £1,200 parliamentary grant, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield, and incumbency of the Rev. Wm. Moxon Mann, B.A. The Vicarage is a neat residence near the church. The large tithe was commuted in 1844 for £159, and that of lamb and wool for £30, which is paid to Messrs. John and Wm. Goodwin, as lessees under the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield; £14 is paid to the vicar. The Wesleyans have a chapel, built in 1810. The Independent chapel, built 1845, is under the pastoral care of the Rev. George K. Walker. A Catholic chapel was erected and endowed about 1832, by the Duke of Norfolk; the Rev. Louis M. Le Dréau, of Hathersage, is the priest. The Primitive Methodists have also a small chapel.  The Free Grammar school, founded in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, is richly endowed, the particulars of which are given with the charities; the Rev. Henry Barrow Chinn, B.A., is the head master. A commodious and hand­some National School, in the early English style, was erected in 1845, at a cost of £1000; of this amount £600 was raised by private subscriptions, and the other by grants from the National society and the Privy Council on Education. The Duke of Devonshire gave the land and was also a liberal contributor. Each school is pro­vided with separate class rooms; the average attendance is about 120. Tideswell Dale is noted for its beautiful marble. In Miller’s, or Mill House Dale, two miles S. from Tideswell, are two corn mills on the river Wye, one of which is in Wormhill township. Opposite the Mill house, rises a hill, about 350 yards high, which completely prevents the rays of the sun from shining upon the house, from the first week in November, till New Candlemas day, February 2nd. The Feast is held on the Sunday nearest to St. John’s.

CHARITIES.—Grammar School.—Robert Pursglove, Suffragan Bishop of Hull, obtained Queen Elizabeth’s Letter’s Patent, dated 18th November, in the second year of her reign, that he or after his death, his heirs, or executors, might found a Grammar school, to be called the school of Jesus Christ our Saviour of Tideswell, the master and his successors together with the vicar and wardens of the parish church, to be a body corporate, with power to sue in their corporate name, to use a com­mon seal, and to take lands. By indenture, 18th of June, 1560, the school was founded, and the ordinances and statutes confirmed. The master and his successors to have £10 yearly for their wages at Lady-day and Michaelmas by equal portions. The residue of the rents to be received by the master, vicar, and wardens, and within 12 days after receiving thereof, they, in the presence of six other honest men of Tideswell, should distribute all the same in alms amongst the poor and needy; if it should happen that there was not the full sum of £3 6s. 8d. remaining in the chest, the said master, vicar, and wardens, should reserve so much rents as would repair the school house and chambers over it for the master’s lodgings. The estates settled on the school according to the ordinances, and now let at rack rents of £227 15s. exclu­sive of an estate in the township of Tideswell, and Whetstone, from which no income has for a long time been derived. This estate, containing 18A. was by indenture of lease, dated 3d Feb. 1564, for a certain sum of money paid by Adam Pursglove, by the consent of Robt. Pursglove, to hold the same for the term of 200 years, at the yearly rent of 53s. 4d. to be paid to the corporation of the school. At the expiration of the term, Mr. God­dard, the schoolmaster, claimed the lands on behalf of the corporation for the benefit

TIDESWELL PARISH.                                                           641

of the charity. Upon the enclosure of the common fields in Tideswell and Whetstone, under an act passed 47th George III. allotments were set out amounting to about two acres, to every acre of old enclosure. The lease had subsequently been assigned to one of the ancestors of the late Earl of Newburgh. The allotments were set out gene­rally, and not in respect of every particular parcel of land; it appears to us that no arrangment can now be made with the representatives of the late Lord Newhurgh, for the restitution of the lands, without the interference, and sanction of the court of equity. It will also remain a subject for their consideration, whether any arrears should be paid by the representatives of the late Lord Newburgh, (who showed a willingness to give an equivalent of lands, though it has been suggested on his behalf that same of the lands have been sold by his ancestors,) and if so, to what amount, and in what manner they should be disposed of.

Robert Bagshaw, by will, dated 1670, bequeathed to the corporation of the school of Jesus, and their succeessors, the sum of £10, on condition that it should remain in the hands of his brothers. It appears that William Bagshaw and John Bagshaw, during their lives, paid 12s. yearly to the schoolmaster, and John Bagshaw, the survivor, after­wards paid the same sum during his life. The said John Bagshaw, devised by will, 1704, to his son William Bagshaw, and his heirs all his lands, paying yearly to the free grammar school of Jesus, in Tideswell, 12s. on the feast of St, Thomas. This sum was paid up to Midsummer 1805, by the tenant of an estate in Great Hucklow, which belonged to Mr. Milnes, of Wakefield. It has since been sold to Mr. Bernard John Wake, of Sheffield, who in answer to an application made to him by us, states that the earliest deed relating to that estate, is dated 1722, that such deed does not, nor any subsequent deeds take any notice at the above mentioned outgoing, and that he had no notice of such, and therefore refuses paying.

Donor unknown.—The sum of £6 has been paid many years, by the lord of the manor, for the instruction of poor children; In 1802, the manor, and 181 acres of land, were sold to the Duke of Devonshire, subject to that payment, which is still paid to a schoolmaster in the town, for teaching poor children, but which it is intended to apply to the use of a Sunday school.

Robert Hodgkinson, of Milne Houses, Tideswell, by indenture, 1592, devised his property to Oliver Bagshaw, and his heirs, on condition that they should pay to the vicar, and churchwardens, for the use of the poor, the yearly rum of 40s. The amount is paid out of the lands at Mill house Dale, by the respective owners, of which the Duke of Devonshire pays 30s , Robert Holmes 5s., and Wm. Bower, 5s.

Nathaniel Hamersley, by will, 1736, left the interest of £100 to be distributed as follows, viz, to the vicar, £3 12s. to the poor in bread, £1 4s. and to the sexton 4s. for cleaning the church and chancel four times a year. The above sum is secured at five per cent. on the Sheffield and Buxton road.

Ann Rossington, by will, 1737, gave £20, the interest to be distributed to the poor on St. Thomas’s day.

William Holmes gave £50, the interest to be given in bread, by the churchwardens and overseers to the poor.

James Middleton left £10, the interest to be distributed in bread, &c. These several sums, with £20 by some person unknown, making up £100, is secured on the turnpike road from Sheffield to Buxton.

Miss Downes, of Sheffield, by will, about the year 1811, gave the interest of £100 to be divided amongst the poor of the parish of Tideswell, every New Year’s day, by her executors. The money was in the hands of Mr. Peter Wright, of Eyam, the brother of one of the executors, and £5 regularly paid as the interest due on New Year’s day, till 1825, when Mr. Wright insisted upon the vicar and churchwardens finding some means of laying out the principal on good security.        

642                                                                          HIGH PEAK HUNDRED.

Robert Mellor, by will, 1766, gave the sum of 10s. a year for ever, to be distributed on Christmas day. The sum is paid by Ann Royston, as a charge upon a house and small quantity of land in Tideswell.

George Robinson, by will, gave forty threepenny loaves to be distributed to the poor of Tideswell township every Christmas eve. Elizabeth White owns three houses in Tideswell from which this rent charge is paid.

LITTON, a township and ancient village, ¾ of a mile E. from Tideswell, contains 1586A. 1R. 26P. of land, and in 1851 had 170 houses, and 945 inhabitants, of whom 421 were males, and 524 females; rateable value £1,999 11s. Lord Scarsdale is lord of the manor, and principal owner. Duke of Devonshire, Col. Leslie, Hy. Newton, Esq., Messrs. M’Connel Brothers, Joshua Baker, George Dickin, and Francis Bramwell, are also owners. The population is principally employed in weaving, framework knitting, or at the extensive cotton factories in the township—a few are employed in lead mines. The schoolroom has been licensed for Episcopal worship. A Methodist chapel was erected, 1834, and the Primitive Methodists occupy a room.

Litton Mills on the river Wye, a little west of the village, is the extensive spinning and manufacturing establishment of Mr. Henry Newton, where about 400 persons are employed, with a water and steam power of 100 horses. The course of the Wye in this locality is beautifully picturesque and highly romantic; the perpendicular crags which invest it on each side form but the basis of towering hills which start from their summit; beautiful wild flowers of delicate hues adorn the jutting crag, and throw their shadows on the waters beneath, which in some places appears a deep, silent, and apparently immoveable stream. Litton was long the seat and property of a family of its own name. Rowland Litton. Esq., sold it to John Alsop, in 1597; in 1606, it was in the family of Bagshaw, and William Bagshaw, who was ejected from the vicarage of Glossop in 1662, was of this family; he was an eminent nonconformist divine, called the “Apostle of the Peak,” and died at Great Hucklow, in 1702, where he was a minister of a congregation of dissenters. In 1608, Litton belonged the Bradshaw family; in 1686, to the Uptons; in 1707, the Stathams were possessed of it, from whom it was purchased by Sir Nathaniel Curzon, ancestor of Lord Scardale.

Cressbrook, 2 miles S. from Tideswell, is the handsome cotton spinning and manufacturing establishment of Messrs. McConnel Brothers, situated at the head of Monsal Dale, in a romantic glen on the banks of the Wye, the picturesque beauties of which are greatly increased by neat Elizabethan and Swiss cottages erected for the work-people on the brow of a lofty hill covered with luxuriant plantations. A beautiful mansion, the residence of Henry McConnel, Esq., stands near the mill, which appears to be shut up on all sides by lofty hills, and might have remained a profound solitude to the present day but for the enterprising spirit which stamps the British capitalist.

CHARITIES.—Mary Cresswell gave to poor widows of Litton, not receiving relief, land, in 1786, vested in James Jackson, then producing 2s. 6d. yearly. This is supposed to be a charge upon a croft at Taddington, called the Widow’s Croft, now belonging to Richard Gibbs, from whom that annual sum is received.

William Bagshaw’s Charity, (See Glossop.)—The yearly sum of 5s. to which this township is entitled, is received every few years, and distributed amongst five poor widows not receiving parochial relief.

WHESTON or WHETSTONE, a township and small retired village 1½ miles W. by E. from Tideswell, contains 1312A. 2R. 19P. of land, and in 1851 had 14 houses, and 62 inhabitants, of whom 34 were males, and 28 females; rateable value £964 5s. The prin­cipal owners are the Duke of Devonshire, Henry Bowden, Esq., John Radford, Esq., James Ashton, Esq., Colonel Leslie, Mr. Cresswell, and Miss Davis, the former is lord of the manor. The inhabitants are mostly employed in agricultural pursuits. It was enclosed

TIDESWELL PARISH.                                                       643

with Tideswell, and the tithe commuted in 1843. £30 is paid for the corn tithe, £10 for wool and lamb, and £3 is paid to the vicar of Tideswell. There is an abundance of lime­stone, and a few lead mines in the vicinity. Wheston Hall, an ancient building in the village, is now a farm house. In a field, on Mr. S. Middleton’s farm is an ancient cross slightly mutilated. It stands on a base placed at the summit of three steps; the shaft is square with the corners bevilled off, and the head is tastefully ornamented with tracery, in the centre of which is a small figure of the Virgin, holding the Infant Jesus in her arms. The Cromford and High Peak Railway is 1 mile N. from Wheston. Tideslow, a farm 2 miles N.E. Feast, nearest Sunday to Midsummer day.

CHARITIES.—Margaret Newton, by will, in 1781, gave £100 in trust, to place out the same on real security. By indenture, 1816, Teresa Mary Newton, being desirous to serve the charity, requested the Duke of Norfolk, who had, in January, 1683, become possessed of the real estates, to receive the £100, and to enter into covenants for the regular application thereof; the Duke of Norfolk, in consideration of the said sum of £100, agreed with the said executrix, and the enelosure called the Great Ridden Flatt, but henceforth to be called the Poor’s Close, containing 7A. 3R. 31P., was secured to the township, from which the Duke and his heirs should for ever pay the annual sum of £5 to the poor.

WORMHILL, a township, parachial chapelry, and scattered village, in a fine healthy situation, 2¼ miles W.S.W. from Tideswell, being screened from the north and east winds by a lofty range of mountains, contains 4583A. 2R. 31P. of land, and in 1851 had 72 houses and 369 inhabitants, of whom 168 were males, and 183 females; rateable value £3,555. The principal owners are Westby Bagshawe, Esq., Wm. Fleming, Esg., M.D., Col. Leslie, H. M. Greaves, Esq., Messrs. Hope Brothers, Jas. Ashton, Esq., M.D., and Rev. Augustus Bagshawe, the former is lord of the manor. The Church, dedicated to St. Margaret, a plain edifice with a nave, aisle, chancel, and tower, partly covered with ivy, and two bells. The living is a perpetual curacy, valued in the King’s book at £2 5s., now £250, has been endowed with £30 per annum private benefaction, and £400 Queen Anne’s bounty. The patronage is vested in trustees. The Rev. Augustus Adam Bagshawe, B.A., is incumbent. The parsonage, a neat house a little north of the church, has been considerably improved. The income arises from glebe land. In the church yard, on the south side of the church, is a handsome marble monument, to the memory of W. L. G. Bagshawe, Esq., who was killed in an affray with poachers, in the river Wye, on the night of the 20th July, 1854. The village school was rebuilt by the Rev. William Bagshawe, and is supported by voluntary contributions and the children’s pence. The average attendance is 35. The Hall, situated in the village, a pleasant mansion, the property of W. Bagshawe, Esq., is unoccupied. The tithes have been commuted for £184 8s., viz., the vicarial for £30, hay and corn, £112 18s., and lamb and wool for £41 10s. The manor, Wruenele, at the Domesday, survey belonged to Henry de Ferrars. In the year 1320, John Wolfhunt, son and heir of John Wolfhunt, held a house and lands in Wormhill, by the service of chasing and taking all wolves that should come into the King’s Forest of the Peak.

CHER TOR, half a mile S. from the village, in Chee Dale, is accounted one of the seven wonders of the Peak; a guide to which will be found at the Red Lion Inn, Wormhill. The entrance to the dell which contains this huge rock is nearly opposite Wormhill Hall, by a steep and narrow path which leads into the very depths of the dale, at the junction of two formidable springs of water which rush from beneath the rocks, and forming an impetuous current, flow into the river Wye, just below the entrance to this Giant of the Dell, which is separated from these by a bold promontory round which you wind to the Tor. This is one of the most remarkable Tors in Derbyshire, both for its form and position; it is an immense limestone rock, which rises with a bold and broad convex front from the level of the dale below, to the height of three hundred and sixty feet. It is chiefly naked,

644                                                                          HIGH PEAK HUNDRED.

and the top is deeply fissured and covered with elegant foilage, and here and there the yew and hazel may be seen shooting forth, “varying and adorning this stupendous elevation with picturesque beauty.” It is nearly isolated, and protrudes its huge dimen­sions far into the dell. At its base the river Wye rushes rapidly along, as sparkling and brilliant a stream as ever imparted beauty and life to a scene in nature. On the opposite side, a high range of perpendicular rock rises nearly to the same height, in the form of a noble crescent, but assumes a different character. In some places it overhangs the base very considerably, leaving a spacious alcove beneath; and everywhere the summit is fringed with trees, and the sides adorned with pendant branches. The two extreme ends of this crescent rock are of a lesser elevation than the middle, they are about one eighth of a mile apart, and they approach so near the opposite side of the dell as to leave only a narrow channel for the river. The surrounding scenery is wild and romantic, and abun­dantly stored with picturesque materials and studies for the artist.

“Above, beneath, immensely spread

Valleys and hoary rocks I view;

Heights o’er heights exalt their head,

Of many a sombre hue.”

                                                                                                                            J. Montgomery.

*        *        *        *        *

At Dale Head, 1½ miles N., are two farm houses. At Dove Hole Dale, 2½ miles N.W. lime is burned in considerable quantities, and lead ore obtained. Hargate Wall, ¾ mile N.W., consists of four large farm houses on the Tideswell and Buxton road. The Meadow, 2 miles S.S.W., has three farms; Tunstead, 1 mile N.W., three farms; Tunstead Great Rocks, 1½ miles W., two farms; and Upperend, 2 miles N.W. three farms. Miller’s Dale, 1½ miles E. by S., is partly in Tideswell township. Here is the Angler’s Rest, a public house on the banks of the Wye.

CHARITIES.—Wormhill School.—Robert Wilson, by will, 1714, after giving his lands for the benefit of a free school afterwards established at Priestcliff, gave £5 a year to a schoolmaster at Wormhill. It is understood £70 was received by the trustees for providing the sum of £3, but that this sum was lost by the insolvency of a tradesman in Manchester, named Bagshaw, in whose hands it had been placed out at interest.

Elizabeth Palfreyman, by will, in 1782, left £40 for teaching four poor children. The sum was placed in the hands of Anthony Wright, the owner of a farm at Wormhill; upon-his death, the farm came to his son, William Wright, who paid £1 12s. as interest thereof, until he failed, about the year 1817.

Richard Bagshawe, by will, 1749, gave £20 to be laid out in lands by his executors, the interest to be paid every year to a schoolmaster at Wormhill for teaching poor children. It appears this legacy was in the hands of John Bagshawe, Esq., of the Oaks, near Sheffield, who died in 1801, and no interest has been paid since his death. This and several other matters having been in dispute between the Rev. William Bagshawe, of Banner Cross the executor of the said John Bagshawe, and Sir Wm. Chambers Bagshawe, who succeeded to the Oaks estate, an arrangement was made, dated 30th September, 1825. The said Sir W. C. Bagshawe, and his son, W. J. Bagshawe, Esq., undertook to be responsible for the principal and interest of £20 to Wormhill.

Roger Wilkson charged an estate at Wormhill with a payment of sixpence a week for bread to the poor. The bread is distributed in threepenny loaves on the first Sunday in every month to the poor who attend the chapel.

Anthony Wright, who died in 1768, left £30, the interest to be given to the poor. This money was in the hands of his son, William Wright, and, by his failure, lost.

Gervase Smith, who died in 1760, by will, gave 15s. a year to be given to a number

TIDESWELL DIRECTORY.                                               645

of industrious poor people of Wormhill at Christmas. It is now paid out of a field called the Poor Piece, purchased about 1814, by Sir William Chambers Bagshawe. The chapelwardens receive the money, and distribute it about Christmas.

William Bagshawe’s Charity.—(See Glossop.)—The. Rev. William Bagshawe, the owner of the premises, subject, among other things, to the payment of 5s. a year to this chapelry, distributes that sum annually.

Rev. Francis Gisborne’s charity, (See Bradley.)—The sum of £5 10s., received by the officiating curate of this chapelry, is laid out in flannel and woollen cloth, which he distributes about Christmas.

TIDESWELL DIRECTORY.

Post Office, at Edwin Slater’s; letters arrive from Bakewell at 8 a.m., and are despatched at 4 45 p.m. Money Orders issued and paid. from 9 to 6 o’clock daily.

646                                                                          HIGH PEAK HUNDRED.

LITTON TOWNSHIP.

WHESTON TOWNSHIP.

WORMHILL TOWNSHIP.

Those marked 1 are at Dale Head, 2 Dove Holes, 3 Edge Foot, 4 Great Rocks, 5 Hill, 6 Meadow, 7 Millers Dale, 8 Tunstead, 9 Upper End, 10 Hargate Wall, 11 Small Dale, and the rest at Wormhill, or where specified.

YOULGREAVE PARISH.                                                   647